Learning path

Don't hop around randomly — this is the order that builds understanding: passives first, then semiconductors, then everything they enable. Pages you read get checked off.

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Start at step 1 — the humble resistor is behind every circuit you'll ever build.

Passive Components

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Resistor (fixed)

Resistor

Capacitor (ceramic / MLCC)

Capacitor

Capacitor (aluminium electrolytic)

Capacitor

Potentiometer / Rheostat / Trimmer

Resistor

Thermistor (NTC / PTC)

Resistor (non-linear)

Varistor / MOV

Resistor (non-linear)

Photoresistor (LDR)

Resistor (non-linear)

Capacitor (tantalum)

Capacitor

Inductor / Coil

Inductor

Transformer (power)

Transformer

Quartz Crystal / Resonator

Timing

Resistor Array / Network

Resistor

Capacitor (film)

Capacitor

Supercapacitor

Capacitor

Choke / Common-mode Choke

Inductor

Ferrite Bead

Inductor

CT & PT (Current / Potential Transformer)

Transformer

Crystal Oscillator (XO/TCXO)

Timing

Active / Semiconductor

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LED (light-emitting diode)

Diode / Optoelectronic

MOSFET

Transistor

555 Timer IC

Integrated Circuit

Rectifier Diode

Diode

Zener Diode

Diode

BJT (NPN / PNP)

Transistor

Op-Amp

IC (Analog)

Linear Regulator (78xx / LDO)

IC (Power)

Microcontroller (MCU)

IC (Compute)

Schottky Diode

Diode

Bridge Rectifier

Diode

SCR (Thyristor)

Thyristor

TRIAC

Thyristor

Comparator

IC (Analog)

Switching Regulator (Buck/Boost)

IC (Power)

Motor Driver IC (L298 etc)

IC (Power)

Logic Gates (74xx / CMOS)

IC (Digital)

Optocoupler / Opto-isolator

Optoelectronic

7-Segment Display

Optoelectronic

LCD / OLED Display

Optoelectronic

TVS / Transient Suppressor

Diode

JFET

Transistor

IGBT

Transistor

Darlington Pair

Transistor

DIAC

Thyristor

ADC / DAC

IC (Mixed)

Memory (EEPROM / Flash / RAM)

IC (Digital)

Photodiode / Phototransistor

Optoelectronic

Solar Cell / Photovoltaic

Optoelectronic

UJT (Unijunction Transistor)

Transistor

Audio Amplifier IC

Integrated Circuit

Special Diodes (Varactor / Tunnel / PIN / Gunn)

Diode

Laser Diode & Laser Modules

Optoelectronics

Electromechanical

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Switches (toggle/push/slide/rotary/DIP)

Switch

Tactile / Push Button

Switch

Relay (electromechanical)

Relay

Solid-State Relay (SSR)

Relay

Connectors & Headers

Connector

Terminal Block

Connector

DC Motor

Motor

Stepper Motor

Motor

Servo Motor

Motor

Buzzer / Piezo

Transducer

Reed Switch

Switch

Solenoid / Actuator

Actuator

Speaker / Microphone

Transducer

Protection & Safety

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Fuse (glass/blade/SMD/thermal)

Fuse

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

Breaker

Resettable Fuse (PTC / Polyfuse)

Fuse

RCCB / RCD / GFCI

Breaker

MCCB

Breaker

Surge Protection Device / GDT

Surge

Sensors & Transducers

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Temperature Sensor (thermocouple/RTD/IC)

Sensor

PIR / Motion Sensor

Sensor

Ultrasonic Distance Sensor

Sensor

Humidity Sensor (DHT etc)

Sensor

Current Sensor (Hall / Shunt / CT)

Sensor

Hall-Effect Sensor

Sensor

Gas / Air-Quality Sensor (MQ)

Sensor

Accelerometer / Gyro / IMU

Sensor

Load Cell / Strain Gauge

Sensor

LVDT & Displacement Transducers

Sensor

Rotary Encoder (Incremental / Absolute)

Sensor

Power Sources & Storage

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Battery (Li-ion / LiPo / LiFePO4)

Battery

Battery (primary - alkaline/coin)

Battery

SMPS / Power Supply

Power

DC-DC Converter (buck/boost module)

Power

Battery (lead-acid / NiMH)

Battery

Battery Management System (BMS)

Power

Inverter / UPS

Power

Solar Panel / Module

Power

Wires, Cables & Interconnect

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Wire (solid/stranded, by AWG/mm2)

Wire

PCB / Breadboard / Perfboard

Board

Coaxial / Twisted-pair / Ribbon Cable

Cable

Lugs, Ferrules, Heat-shrink, Glands

Hardware

Optical Fiber & Connectors

Cable

Heavy Electrical / Power Distribution

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Distribution Board / Panel

Switchgear

Contactor

Switchgear

Sockets, Plugs, Switches (wiring devices)

Accessory

Motor Starter (DOL / Star-Delta)

Control

Overload Relay

Protection

VFD / Variable Frequency Drive

Drive

Energy Meter

Metering

Busbar / Bus Duct

Distribution

Capacitor Bank (PFC)

PFC

Earthing / Grounding Components

Safety

Lightning / Surge Arrester

Safety

Isolator / Changeover Switch

Switchgear

HV Circuit Breakers (VCB / ACB / SF6)

Switchgear

Protective Relay (Overcurrent / Differential / Distance)

Protection

Line Insulators & Conductors (Pin / Disc / ACSR)

Transmission Hardware

Heating Element (Nichrome / Appliance Elements)

Utilization

Electrical Machines

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Distribution / Power Transformer

Transformer

Autotransformer / Variac

Transformer

Three-Phase Induction Motor

AC Motor

Single-Phase Induction Motor

AC Motor

DC Machine (Motor / Generator)

DC Machine

Alternator / Synchronous Generator

AC Generator

Synchronous Motor

AC Motor

BLDC Motor

Brushless DC Motor

Universal Motor

AC/DC Motor

Lighting

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Incandescent / Halogen Lamp

Lamp

Fluorescent Tube / CFL

Discharge Lamp

Ballast (Choke) & Starter

Lamp Control Gear

LED Bulb / Tube / Panel

Lamp

LED Driver

Power Supply

HID Lamp (Sodium / Metal Halide / Mercury)

Discharge Lamp

RF & Communication

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Antenna

RF Connectors & Coax Adapters

Connector

RF Filter (SAW / LC / Crystal)

Filter

RF Amplifier (LNA / PA)

Amplifier

Thermal & Cooling

0/4

Heatsink

Thermal Management

Cooling Fan

Thermal Management

Peltier Module (TEC)

Thermoelectric Cooler

Thermal Paste, Pads & Insulator Kits

Thermal Management

Test & Measurement

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Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Test Instrument

Clamp Meter

Test Instrument

Oscilloscope

Test Instrument

Function / Signal Generator

Test Instrument

Bench Power Supply

Test Instrument

LCR / ESR / Component Tester

Test Instrument

Insulation Tester (Megger) / Earth Tester

Test Instrument

Analog Panel Meters (PMMC / Moving Iron / Galvanometer)

Test Instrument

Wattmeter (Dynamometer) & Power Measurement

Test Instrument

Maker Modules

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Dev Board (Arduino / ESP32 / RPi)

Module

Relay Module

Module

Comms Module (WiFi/BT/LoRa/GSM)

Module

Motor Driver Module

Module

RTC Module (DS3231 / DS1307)

Module

GPS Module (NEO-6M / NEO-M8N)

Module

FPGA / CPLD Dev Board

Module